什么是PATH環(huán)境變量,它有什么作用?
LANG PS1 PATH
######PATH含義
[root@oldboyedu01-nb ~]# echo $PATH
/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin
第二個里程牌-liunx 下面運行命令過程
####1、輸入命令
####2、在PATH里面 路徑進行查找
####3、找到了就運行
####4、找不到就提示 command not found
第1題
如何過濾出已知當前目錄下oldboy中的所有一級目錄(提示:不包含oldboy目錄下面目錄的子目錄及隱藏目錄,即只能是第一級目錄)?
mkdir /oldboy -p
cd /oldboy
mkdir ext/oldboy test xiaodong xingfujie -p
touch jeacen olaboy wodi.gz yingsui.gz
yum install tree -y
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]# #如何查詢某個軟件是否安裝了?
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]# rpm -qa (查找所有安裝軟件)
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]# rpm -qa
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]# rpm -qa |grep tree (查找具體的軟件安裝包)
tree-1.5.3-3.el6.x86_64
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]# rpm -qa tree
tree-1.5.3-3.el6.x86_64
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]# rpm -qa |grep ipt
initscripts-9.03.58-1.el6.centos.x86_64
iptables-ipv6-1.4.7-16.el6.x86_64
plymouth-scripts-0.8.3-29.el6.centos.x86_64
iptables-1.4.7-16.el6.x86_64
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]# #查看某個軟件包里面的內容
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]# rpm -ql tre
package tre is not installed
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]# rpm -ql tree (查看具體安裝包里面的內容)
/usr/bin/tree
/usr/share/doc/tree-1.5.3
/usr/share/doc/tree-1.5.3/LICENSE
###方法1
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]# tree -d /oldboy/
/oldboy/
ext
oldboy
test
xiaodong
xingfujie
5 directories
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]#
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]# tree -dL 1 /oldboy/
/oldboy/
ext
test
xiaodong
xingfujie
##方法2
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]# find -type d
.
./ext
./ext/oldboy
./xiaodong
./test
./xingfujie
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]# find -maxdepth 1 -type d ! -name “.” (找出名字不是點)
./ext
./xiaodong
./test
./xingfujie
###方法3
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]# ls -l
total 28
-rw-r–r–. 1 root root 0 Jun 9 07:06 alex.txt
-rw-r–r–. 1 root root 292 Jun 9 06:34 ett.txt
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jun 22 21:55 ext
-rw-r–r– 1 root root 0 Jun 22 23:44 jeacen
-rw-r–r– 1 root root 0 Jun 22 23:44 olaboy
-rw-r–r–. 1 root root 0 Jun 9 07:06 oldboy.txt
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jun 9 07:26 test
-rw-r–r–. 1 root root 8 Jun 9 07:26 test.sh
-rw-r–r–. 1 root root 8 Jun 9 07:26 t.sh
-rw-r–r– 1 root root 0 Jun 22 23:44 wodi.gz
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jun 22 21:55 xiaodong
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jun 22 21:55 xingfujie
-rw-r–r– 1 root root 0 Jun 22 23:44 yingsui.gz
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]# ls -l |grep “^d” (找出目錄為d開頭的文件)
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jun 22 21:55 ext
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jun 9 07:26 test
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jun 22 21:55 xiaodong
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jun 22 21:55 xingfujie
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]#
#方法4
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]# ls -l|awk ‘$2>1’ (第二列大于1)
total 28
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jun 22 21:55 ext
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jun 9 07:26 test
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jun 22 21:55 xiaodong
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jun 22 21:55 xingfujie
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]#
#第2題假如當前目錄[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]# pwd #==>這是打印當前目錄的,最菜的命令
/oldboy
現在因為需要進入到/tmp目錄下進行操作,執(zhí)行的命令如下:
[root@oldboy oldboy]# cd /tmp/
[root@oldboy tmp]#pwd
/tmp/
操作完畢后,希望快速返回上一次進入的目錄,即/oldboy目錄,如何操作(不使用cd/oldboy)
[root@oldboyedu01-nb tmp]# #快速回到上一次的所在的位置/目錄
[root@oldboyedu01-nb tmp]# cd –
/oldboy
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]# pwd
/oldboy
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]#
cd –
cd . =====當前目錄 復制/移動 cp/etc/host.
cd.. =====進入到當前目錄的上一級目錄
cd~ =====進入當前用戶的家目錄,回老家
(root用戶)~ ====/root
(普通用戶)~ ====/home/
cd =====回老家 回家
cd – #快速回到上一次的所在位置/目錄
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]##進入到/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/目錄,并查看你所在的位置
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]#進入到上一級目錄,并查看你所在位置
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]##進入到/root目錄下面,并顯示你所在位置
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]#回到老家
[root@VM-8-6-centos ~]# cd /oldboy/
[root@VM-8-6-centos oldboy]# cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
[root@VM-8-6-centos network-scripts]# pwd
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts
[root@VM-8-6-centos network-scripts]# cd ..
[root@VM-8-6-centos sysconfig]# pwd
/etc/sysconfig
[root@VM-8-6-centos sysconfig]# cd /root/
[root@VM-8-6-centos ~]# pwd
/root
[root@VM-8-6-centos ~]# cd –
/etc/sysconfig
#第3題一個目錄中有多文件(ls查看時好多屏),想最快速度查看到最近更新的文件,怎么查
ls -lrt
第5題 調試系統服務時,希望能實時查看系統日志/var/log/messages的更新,如何做?
tail -f 顯示文件的實時更新
taillf ====tail -f
第4題 打印配置文件nginx.conf 內容的行號及內容,該如何做?
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]# echo {1..5}
1 2 3 4 5
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]# echo stu {01..10}
stu 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]# echo stu{01..10}
stu01 stu02 stu03 stu04 stu05 stu06 stu07 stu08 stu09 stu10
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]# echo stu{01..10}xargs -n1
stu01xargs stu02xargs stu03xargs stu04xargs stu05xargs stu06xargs stu07xargs stu08xargs stu09xargs stu10xargs -n1
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]# echo stu{01..10}|xargs -n1
stu01
stu02
stu03
stu04
stu05
stu06
stu07
stu08
stu09
stu10
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]# echo stu{01..10}|xargs -n1 >nginx.conf
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]# cat nginx.conf
stu01
stu02
stu03
stu04
stu05
stu06
stu07
stu08
stu09
stu10
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]#
###方法1
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]# cat -n nginx.conf (-n表示行號)
1 stu01
2 stu02
3 stu03
4 stu04
5 stu05
6 stu06
7 stu07
8 stu08
9 stu09
10 stu10
###方法2 -vi/vim
:set nu #顯示行號 number
:set monu #取消小時行號
###方法3 -grep -n參數
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]# grep -n “stu” nginx.conf
1:stu01
2:stu02
3:stu03
4:stu04
5:stu05
6:stu06
7:stu07
8:stu08
9:stu09
10:stu10
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]# grep -n “.” nginx.conf
1:stu01
2:stu02
3:stu03
4:stu04
5:stu05
6:stu06
7:stu07
8:stu08
9:stu09
10:stu10
小結:
1.cat -n;vi/vim顯示行號
2、grep -n
3、awk NR $ print
###第5題,裝完系統后,希望讓網絡文件共享服務器NFS(iptables),僅在3級別上開機自啟動,如何操作?
chkconfig iptables off
###第6題,liunx系統中查看中文,但是亂碼,請問如何解決?
###原因:liunx使用字符集與原創(chuàng)連接工具的不同
解決:
方法1:推薦修改xshell 字符集
方法2:修改系統字符集
1:命令行 export LANG=en_us.utf-8
2.寫入配置文件
cp /etc/sysconfig/i18n /etc/sysconfig/i18n.bat
echo ‘LANG=en_us.UTF-8′>/etc/sysconfig/i18n
3、生效
source /etc/sysconfig/i18n
###第7題; /etc/目錄為liunx系統默認的配置文件及服務啟動命令的目錄
a、請用tar 打包/etc整個目錄(打包及壓縮)
b、請把a點命令的壓縮包,解壓到/tmp指定目錄下(最好只用tar命令實現)
c、請用tar打包/etc整個目錄(打包及壓縮,但需要排除/etc/services文件)。
tar 創(chuàng)建查看解壓壓縮包
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]# tar zcvf /tmp/etc.tar.gz /etc/
創(chuàng)建壓縮包 壓縮包存放的位置 壓縮能夠目錄
zcvf注釋:
z—-通過gzip工具進行壓縮 ,
c—–表示create創(chuàng)建 壓縮包 ,
v—表示verbose顯示執(zhí)行過程
f—–顯示file 接上壓縮包的名字
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]# ls -l /tmp/ (查看文件)
total 9508
-rw-r–r– 1 root root 9736182 Jun 23 05:48 etc.tar.gz
查看壓縮包的內容
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]# tar ztf /tmp/etc.tar.gz
ztf注釋: t—-表示list 顯示壓縮包的內容
解壓
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]# cd /tmp/
[root@oldboyedu01-nb tmp]# tar zxf etc.tar.gz (解壓)
創(chuàng)建
tar zcf
查看
tar tf
解壓
tar xf
[root@oldboyedu01-nb tmp]# tar zxf etc.tar.gz
[root@oldboyedu01-nb tmp]# tar zcf /tmp/sysconfig.tar.gz /etc/sysconfig/
tar: Removing leading /’ from member names tar: Removing leading /’ from hard link targets
[root@oldboyedu01-nb tmp]# tar tf /tmp/sysconfig.tar.gz
[root@oldboyedu01-nb tmp]# ls -l
total 9568
drwxr-xr-x 78 root root 4096 Jun 23 03:39 etc
-rw-r–r– 1 root root 9736182 Jun 23 05:48 etc.tar.gz
-rw-r–r– 1 root root 53851 Jun 23 06:00 sysconfig.tar.gz
[root@oldboyedu01-nb tmp]# rm -fr etc
do not use rm -fr etc
[root@oldboyedu01-nb tmp]# ll
total 9568
drwxr-xr-x 78 root root 4096 Jun 23 03:39 etc
-rw-r–r– 1 root root 9736182 Jun 23 05:48 etc.tar.gz
-rw-r–r– 1 root root 53851 Jun 23 06:00 sysconfig.tar.gz
[root@oldboyedu01-nb tmp]# rm -fr etc
[root@oldboyedu01-nb tmp]# ll
total 9564
-rw-r–r– 1 root root 9736182 Jun 23 05:48 etc.tar.gz
-rw-r–r– 1 root root 53851 Jun 23 06:00 sysconfig.tar.gz
[root@oldboyedu01-nb tmp]# tar xf sysconfig.tar.gz
[root@oldboyedu01-nb tmp]# ll
total 9568
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jun 23 06:02 etc
-rw-r–r– 1 root root 9736182 Jun 23 05:48 etc.tar.gz
-rw-r–r– 1 root root 53851 Jun 23 06:00 sysconfig.tar.gz
[root@oldboyedu01-nb tmp]# ls etc
sysconfig
[root@oldboyedu01-nb tmp]# ls etc
sysconfig
[root@oldboyedu01-nb tmp]# ls etc/sysconfig/
acpid i18n kernel quota_nld sshd
atd init keyboard raid-check sysstat
auditd ip6tables modules readahead sysstat.ioconf
authconfig ip6tables-config netconsole readonly-root system-config-firewall
cbq ip6tables.old network rngd system-config-firewall.old
clock iptables networking rsyslog udev
console iptables-config network-scripts sandbox
cpuspeed iptables.old ntpd saslauthd
crond irqbalance ntpdate selinux
grub kdump prelink smartmontools
請把A點命令的壓縮包,解壓到/tmp指定目錄下(最好用tar命令實現)
[root@oldboyedu01-nb tmp]# tar xf etc.tar.gz -C /opt/ (指定目錄)
[root@oldboyedu01-nb tmp]# ls -l /opt/ (查看解壓后的目錄情況)
請用tar打包/etc整個目錄(打包及壓縮,但需要排除/etc/services文件)
[root@oldboyedu01-nb tmp]# tar zcf /tmp/etc.tar.gz /etc/
tar: Removing leading `/’ from member names
tar: Removing leading `/’ from hard link targets
[root@oldboyedu01-nb tmp]#
[root@oldboyedu01-nb tmp]# tar zcf /tmp/etc-paichu.tar.gz /etc/ –exclude=/etc/services
tar: Removing leading `/’ from member names
tar: Removing leading `/’ from hard link targets
[root@oldboyedu01-nb tmp]# tar zcf /tmp/etc-paichu.tar.gz /etc/ –exclude=/etc/services
tar: Removing leading `/’ from member names
tar: Removing leading `/’ from hard link targets
[root@oldboyedu01-nb tmp]# tar tf /tmp/etc.tar.gz |grep services
etc/init/readahead-disable-services.conf
etc/services
[root@oldboyedu01-nb tmp]# tar tf /tmp/etc-paichu.tar.gz|grep services
etc/init/readahead-disable-services.conf
[root@oldboyedu01-nb tmp]#
cd /
tar zcf /tmp/etc.tar.gz etc/
小結:
1、tar 打包壓縮
2、創(chuàng)建壓縮包 查看壓縮包, 解壓
3、解壓到指定的文件夾
4、創(chuàng)建壓縮包排除
#第8題如何查看etc/services文件的有多少行?
[root@oldboyedu01-nb ~]# cd /oldboy/
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]# wc -l /etc/services
10774 /etc/services、
屌絲去洗浴中心之路
3、
(1)查看22端口是否開啟telnet
(2)sshd遠程連接進程是否在運行
ps -ef
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]# ps -ef |grep “sshd” (過濾進程sshd)
root 1436 1 0 Jun22 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/sshd
root 2461 1436 0 05:11 ? 00:00:00 sshd: root@pts/0
root 2588 1436 0 06:45 ? 00:00:00 sshd: root@pts/1
root 2656 1436 0 07:30 ? 00:00:00 sshd: root@pts/2
root 2701 2658 0 08:01 pts/2 00:00:00 grep sshd
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]# ps -ef |grep “/sshd”
root 1436 1 0 Jun22 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/sshd
root 2705 2658 0 08:03 pts/2 00:00:00 grep /sshd
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]# ps -ef |grep “/sshd”|wc -l (顯示進程出現幾個;次數)
2
第9題:過濾出/etc/services 文件包含3306和1521兩數字所在行號的內容
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]# grep “3306” /etc/services
mysql 3306/tcp # MySQL
mysql 3306/udp # MySQL
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]# egrep “3306|1521” /etc/services
mysql 3306/tcp # MySQL
mysql 3306/udp # MySQL
ncube-lm 1521/tcp # nCube License Manager
ncube-lm 1521/udp # nCube License Manager
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]# #egrep ==grep -E支持高級正則(公雞里的戰(zhàn)斗機)
[root@oldboyedu01-nb oldboy]#
第10題命令行及shell中不加引號、加單引號和加雙引號的區(qū)別小結
單引號 所見即所得 吃啥吐啥
雙引號 里面的特殊符號會被解析
[root@VM-8-6-centos oldboy]# echo ‘hello lls $LANG $(hostname) ‘pwd”
hello lls $LANG $(hostname) pwd